Much has been articulated about how the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is not reflective of the purchases of ordinary Malaysians anymore. This is especially true for the low to middle income wage earners, where the bulk of the population sits. The reported CPI in Malaysia has been increasing by about 3% per annum for the last three decades, while the world CPI has gone up 3,000 times over the same period. So much so, that housewives scoff when they are told that prices of goods and services are only increasing at 3% a year. Taxi drivers screamed everytime their vehicles are up for a service because they are charged for spare-parts and servicing which go up by at least 10% annually.
Their scepticism stems not from disbelief in the institution's calculation, but the sheer stress that they have to bear from having to make ends meet, particularly those living in the urban areas. It also makes the ordinary citizens think that politicians and the policy makers are completely disconnected from the realities of Malaysian life, cocooned in making decisions that do not reflect the hardship that they have to bear.
Employers and trade unions, when making yearly adjustments to wages levels, use the CPI as the basis for salary increments. Trade unions' grosses are justified in the case of arguing that wage levels are not enough for a typical household to survive. However, they are equally frustrated with the system, as there is no other index or basis for greater wage increments.
It must be recognized that central to the “middle income trap” is, in fact, directly due to the way the CPI is being skewed and suppressed. The table below shows the breakdown of the weightage allotted for the various broad categories of items consumed on a daily basis. “Food and non-alcoholic beverages” and “Housing, water, electricity, gas and others fuels” make up over 52.8% of the weightage. Without going into the finer details of what the actual items are in these two categories, it is suffice to say that most of the items are either heavily subsidised or, price controlled. Like sugar, flour, water, petrol, electricity and so forth.
The dislocation in the CPI and the real prices paid by a household becomes more obvious when we consider that we do not just consume flour and sugar in its raw form, but in value added items like cooked food and beverages. Eating out in coffee-shops or warungs certainly include prepared items such as cooked fish, vegetable and prawns which are always levied at market prices, but not captured in the CPI. Transport which makes up 15.9% of the weightage does not take into account hire purchase for cars or motorcycles or the cost of imported spare-parts for their repair. Construction materials such as cement and clinker maybe price controlled but for certain the prices of houses and rental are determined at the markets rates which are not subject to regulation.
Mobile devices have become an integral part of our daily lives. Most of us have to pay bills for SMSes, telephone calls and data download that are not included in the communication category.
The impact of an artificially low inflation rate is as follows;
- Important business decisions are based on the inflation rate, and this can mislead the private sector into making business judgements that are off-the-mark costing the economy billions in losses.
- It leads to wages being artificially suppressed, creating a widening income gap between Malaysians working domestically and those working outside of the country. This, in turn,exacerbates the 'brain drain' problem.
- With low wages, we are not able to attract outside talent into Malaysia even though our goods and services are supposedly cheaper.
- Creates a technology gap making Malaysia uncompetitive. Technology goods and services become expensive for Malaysians to purchase, including things like iPhones, Blackberry, iPads which are soon becoming everyday items.
- Continued reliance on cheap foreign exchange rate to ensure that Malaysian goods remain competitive but this is an unsustainable strategy in the long run.
- With a cheap currency, we cannot afford to purchase the most advanced machinery and technology leading to poor fixed asset/capital build-up. This also explains part of the problem of sluggish private sector investments.
The implications of having an unrealistic CPI is a very serious matter, not to be brushed aside as mere grumblings of the Rakyat. However, just like in the treatment of the removal of subsidies and price controls, proper safety nets must be in place to protect the lower income and vulnerable groups. The general price levels of the basket of goods and services will no doubt adjust itself as subsidies and controlled items are subsequently removed but this has to be done gradually to prevent hyper-inflation. And additional items such as communication devices and computers will have to be introduced to reflect a more competitive and advanced Malaysia.
Next to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the CPI is probably the most important economic
indicator that all governments utilize to gauge the health of an economy. As the CPI is the basis of many policy benchmarks with very far reaching implications in the management of an economy and the wealth of a nation, a strong case of a more realistic mechanism for the computation of CPI is timely and much needed in an open and globally connected economy like Malaysia.
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