Wednesday, February 10, 2010

马来西亚采取务实步骤,迈向高收入经济

冯镇安博士

过去几个月来,人们纷纷谈论马来西亚仍然处于中等收入地位的困境。在本篇文章里,我要合理的谈马来西亚一直处于这种困境的原因,以及我们如果要以高收入姿态出现所必须采取的一些步骤。

马来西亚陷入中等收入的困境 从独立到今天,马来西亚取得了迅速的成长。马来西亚能够从上个世纪50年代的农业社会, 转变为80年代的一个亚洲小龙经济体,主要是通过广泛利用劳工的工业化进程。
然而,政府接下来为进一步深化工业化进程而作的努力,却产生了好坏不一的结果。马来西亚的经济利益一般上停滞不前,而其他许多国家却在世界贸易迅速扩大的情况下起飞。
这主要基于以下的因素:

i) 价格管制
在1946年, 殖民地政府在马来亚实行价格管制措施,以免国家在二战之后陷入经济困境。这项政策一直实行到今天。受到价格管制的物品包括了基本的必需品,例如白米、面 粉、白糖、肥料、牛奶、鸡肉,甚至还包括巴士和的士车费。由于实行价格管制,在马来西亚售卖的这些商品,比其他国家便宜了许多。好比在2009年12月, 在马来西亚售卖的原糖是每公斤1令吉35仙,而世界的价格则是2令吉20仙;白米的价格在马来西亚是每公斤2令吉75仙,而世界价格则是6令吉75仙。

由于基本必需品在马来西亚的消费价格指数中占了很大的比重,因此,过去实施了60多年的价格管制措施所产生的效应,显著地抑制了我们的消费价格指数,使它保持在低水平,而不像世界消费价格指数那么节节上升。(看图一)


员工每年的加薪率和国家的消费指数是息息相关的。由于马来西亚的消费价格指数(受到抑制)和世界的消费价格指数有很大的差异,也导致马来西亚的薪金和世界的薪金相对地出现很大的差别。实际上,这就是为什么马来西亚的薪金自上个世纪80年代以来,落后世界其他国家的原因 (看表一)。举个例子,像表一所显示,在马来西亚,拥有大学资格的教师的起薪是每月马币2,500 令吉,而在新加坡是6,196令吉,香港15,661令吉。

价格管制除了抑制马来西亚的薪金之外,也严重破坏国内经济因素比例,造成了许多工厂采用现有的效益经济生产程序。由于柴油和燃料价格受到统制,工人的薪金也受到压制,因此,厂商在生产方面就选择利用更多的燃料和人力,而没有使用更多的机器,而造成了低生产力。当然,马来西亚的产品成长率因而属于低生产力的。

ii) 补贴

在1961年供应品统制法令下,马来西亚开始实施补贴措施。获得补贴的商品包括汽油、煤气、白糖、白米以及其他基本必需品。
在上个世纪70年代,世界石油价格每桶在12美元以下时,汽油补贴是政府负担得起的费用。然而,目前的石油价格日益高涨(每桶超过75美元),如果政府继续提供补贴,就会陷入危境。正如图表二所显示,政府提供的补贴费用,从1998年经常开销的3%,急升到的2008 年的将近30% !
提供补贴的高费用,限制了政府提升基本设施,例如改善公共交通的能力,同时也妨碍政府提供竞争性奖掖,把高收入活动引进我国的能力。

iii) 农业领域的拖延
令人遗憾的是, 油棕和橡胶由于支配着我国的农业领域,因而拖住我国要跃升为高收入经济体的能力。在我国的园丘业,收割油棕和割胶因性质关系而仍然使用人力(不像葡萄和麦子),而不容易机械化。直到如今,这两种原产品仍然是低工资的活动,迫使我国必须依赖外劳(目前有大约30万名),才能让园丘业继续保持活力。
园丘业依赖外劳是无可避免的。然而,这也促使了许多工厂设在农村,而且广泛使用劳工的制造业得以生存(即使面对本地劳工短缺的问题),因为这些外劳能够轻易流动,他们能够从园丘转到工厂工作。这也意味着,政府在批准大量外劳在园丘业工作时,就很难阻止或限制非园丘行业使用外劳。
结果,目前有大约230 万技能很低的外劳滞留在马来西亚,占我国劳动力的大约20%。他们分别在制造业、石油业和建筑业工作,以及当家庭女佣。近来,外劳也渗透了零售业、餐饮业、旅游业和酒店业。总部在外国的E & E公司和我国政府举行对话时宣布,如果外劳被限制或被阻止在我国工作,该公司将不得不把业务撤离我国。如果这个理由被接受,意味着,在可预见的将来,我国的经济将继续困在中等收入的牢笼里。
我们何去何从?
韩国的国内生产总值人均收入是16,450 美元,新加坡是34,346 美元,香港是29,559 美元,而马来西亚仍然保持在7,469美元的水平。我们别忘记,在上个世纪70年代初,我们是和这些国家并驾齐驱的。在5年内,这些国家还会进一步向前跑。我们需要采取和落实哪些果敢的步骤,去确保我们得以跳出中等收入的牢笼里?
让我大胆提出其中的一些步骤:

i) 逐步撤消补贴、价格管制和社会保障网
实行价格管制和提供补贴制造了人为的市场价格,破坏国内因素比例以及妨碍经济效益。政府必须敢于想方设法逐步撤消价格管制和补贴;也许不是立刻消除,但是可以设定一个时间框架,例如给以5年的时间。马来西亚只是一个小国,我们的生存是不能和世界其他经济体隔离的。政府提供的汽油补贴,更应该在一两年内撤消。为此,我们应该展开广泛的运动,为人民提供资讯,让驾车人士了解汽油价格必须根据世界的原油价格而进行调整。其实,世界上很多国家是这么做的。
为配合逐步撤销补贴和价格管制,政府必须实施一项透明的社会保障网制度,为困苦者、残疾人士、老年人、失业人士和穷人提供福利援助。我们可以为穷人和需要援助的人士实行固本制度(同时采用智能身份证),以便他们可以获得基本必需品和其他必需品,例如汽油的补贴。当然,这说明,政府有必要为需要援助的人设立一个全国性的资料库,这有异于以登记制度提供福利金;不过,更广泛的做法是考虑他们的职业的情况, 以及实行核证和咨询的措施。

ii) 高工资政策
马来西亚的工资由于市场因素影响而被压制太久。政府应该鼓励调高我国的工资,以便和世界其他国家并驾齐驱。如果我国人民能够获得较高的工资,那么,在我国的价格统制和补贴措施被逐步撤消时,他们就有能力面对世界价格调高的现实,而且感受也不会那么深了。
许多过去被列为中等收入的国家,开始实行高工资政策,以致他们的经济逐渐起飞。新加坡便是一个很好的例子。在上个世纪80年代,新加坡的经济进展停滞不前,新加坡政府谨慎的强迫公司把员工的薪金调高 50% 或以上。虽然在开始阶段,各公司都会感觉到辛苦,但是,这在新加坡引发了“第二个工业革命”,许多公司转向采取广泛资金政策,而且专注于高档制造业和金融活动。如今,新加坡成为了亚洲一个具有活力的经济中心。
我们也可以推行类似的高薪金政策。开始阶段要求脆弱的领域,例如种植业和农业、广泛使用劳力的制造业、建筑业和服务业(好比餐馆和酒店业)制定适当的最低工资制。政府应该特别规定种植公司提供较高的工资,去吸引更多马来西亚人加入这个行业。本地一家典型及稳扎稳打的种植公司 - 亚洲集团树立了典范,它在2008年度收益显示,公司支付的薪金总数是8千3百万令吉,只占扣税前的收益(4亿5千6百万令吉)中的18% 。即使公司把工资开销提高一倍,它依然取得很高的盈利!
在这种情况下,雇主就能够使用更多的机械,而许多目前在新加坡工作的我国熟练工人就会被吸引而回流,接受这些公司提供的较高技能的职位,这有助于提高我国经济的生产力。由于有这种效应,公司应该为管工、经理以及其他专业者提供更高的薪金。

iii) 高科技活动的革新奖掖
马来西亚提供的先锋地位和资本投资补贴的传统奖掖,已经不再具有吸引力。高科技事业的创立是高风险的,需要很大的资金,所以必须得到创业资金和政府的援助。此外,这也需要很快速度的互联网登入以及迅速的后勤设施。高科技行业是不能在股权或聘请外国专才方面受到限制的环境中运作的。他们期望的是,政府在处理申请方面,迅速做出决定。在2000年初,印度软件巨头印孚瑟斯公司要在马来西亚进行投资,并且申请政府批准他们的专才前来我国工作,但是,政府的犹疑不决和拖延做出决定,结果导致该公司迁移到毛里求斯投资!
我国应该迎合全球的趋势,提供更具吸引力的奖掖,以吸引高科和企业前来我国投资。我国必须提供革新的基础。由于许多国家普遍上已经实践这个方法,政府也应该很乐意地为拥有高资格的科学家以及其他有很高学术资格的个人,提供工作准证和永久居民的地位,进而吸引他们前来我国服务,把我国视为不只是他们的第二个基地,同时也是第二个家园。

iv) 资讯工艺基本设施与公共科研中心
马来西亚是最先承认资讯工艺的重要性的国家之一,因为它在2001年就建立了多媒体超级走廊。然而,其他许多国家在资讯工艺基建方面很快就超越我国。我们应该考虑到:我国目前的互连网下载速度只有每秒 2.2 Mb,韩国是每秒23.6 Mb ,而新加坡是8.0 Mb 。我国的宽频覆盖率30% ,而韩国则达到97%!
企业家目前期望的是,即使在乘搭火车或汽车,都能够通过电脑工作。他们也希望,在行动时,也能够举行视像会议。但是,我国目前的下载速度不允许他们这么做。更重要的是,目前的下载速度导致许多新款的资讯工艺设备派不上用场。因此,政府必须 迅速迎头赶上,使我国的资讯工艺能够符合全球的水平,并且作为把我国推向高收入经济的先决条件。
此外,如果要让科学家的新计划和概念得以在社会上崭露,最有效的方法是在适当地区设立公共科研中心,以便鼓励中学生和大学生对他们的概念和计划进行试验。
史提夫.乔布斯就是在激励下,于上个世纪80年代在美国硅谷设计了苹果第一台个人电脑的。此外,韩国电影业目前取得成功,主要的原因是它拥有首尔动画中心。凡是对动画电影、电脑游戏或数码广告有兴趣的韩国人,都可以进入这个中心,根据他们的剧本进行表演,以期最终能够成为可行性的商业产品。
政府应该跟随这种趋势,设立3-D 动画、电脑零件、微型和纳米科技、园艺学、水产养殖,以及其他适合采用我国资源的科研中心。学校和学院的适当参与,可能导致有兴趣的团体的成立,充分利用科研中心所提供的设施。最后,可能促成更多青年对科学和工艺产生兴趣,进而启发他们为产品和服务提出新的概念。.
v) 衡量在海外的我国专业人士和专才
根据马来西亚雇主联合会的统计,目前有超过50万名马来西亚专业人士和专才在海外工作。他们主要居住在大城市,例如纽约、伦敦、巴黎、东京、北京、香港和新加坡。他们分别在医药、金融服务、工程、会计、物流、建筑、企业资本和其他服务领域工作或进行研究。我曾经和其中多名专才见面(例如周仰杰),他们说,他们很愿意对马来西亚的进展做出贡献。我认为,只要条件符合,是可以劝请他们回国设立基地的。但是,令人遗憾的是,我们很多时候并没有积极拉拢他们。
著名的英国肝移植外科医生 Tan Kai Chah 便是一个很好的例子。他原本很愿意在我国设立基地,但是却无法落实,因为身为马来西亚人,他必须为政府医院服务3年。新加坡接到消息后,立刻拉拢他。现在,他设在新加坡的的肝脏中心名闻遐迩,找上门的远近病人多不胜数。
了解到这点,我们应该想方设法吸引我国的专业人士回国。政府应该设立一个特别组,负责鉴定这些专才,然后聘请有兴趣者回国服务或至少设立基地。这种聘请可以分开来进行,以便可以鉴定和接受个人不同的条件,同时解决他们的问题。如果他们的外国籍配偶要工作,他们的子女需要特别教育,以及他们需要科研拨款等等,政府都应该一一为他们解决。这样,我们才能够汇集大量的智囊人才。
在这方面,我们应该迅速采取行动,因为他们正在被许多国家的政府挖角。我国政府应该竭尽所能,确保经常在国际曝光的我国的专业人士,不会被其他国家挖角,而最终成为他们的科学资产。
策略性地点
吉隆坡位于东协的中心,而且拥有多元文化的环境,使它加强了举办许多高收入活动的条件。我们经常忘记,新加坡距离我国只有3百公里之遥,而且也拥有深海海港和机场。庆幸的是,亚洲航空并没有忘记这点,他赶上了提供廉价航空服务的浪潮,结果把吉隆坡发展为亚洲和澳洲之间的廉价航空中心。有了目前的廉价结构,吉隆坡同样的也可以发展为亚洲的廉价船务和物流中心。
政府也应该积极地宣传吉隆坡为亚洲东部(中国、韩国和日本)和亚洲西部(印度和中东)之间一个商业交易的聚焦中心。一些的台湾企业直销公司已经在马来西亚设立加工中心和货仓,以便把他们的产品出口到中东,因为使用马来西亚的标签,比较容易获得中东市场的接受。这些新契机浪潮只是一个开始,因为东亚和西亚取得了更好的联系。
vii) 绿色能源
马来西亚的阳光灿烂,风和,加上没有天然灾害,所以是一个建立绿色持续性能源科研和制造中心的理想地点。持续性的绿色能源,应该被宣传为我国的新势力。目前,世界的三大太阳能公司设在我国。其中一家(太阳电力公司)正在马六甲州我的选区内的Rumbia 建立世界上最大的太阳能制造厂。

马来西亚工业发展局应该和这些太阳能公司携手合作,制定奖励和策略性的政策,以便和中国进行配合,因为中国目前是在世界提供太阳能的领袖。我国必须抓紧这个机会,培养一批辅助供应商,为太阳能公司提供原料和辅助性服务,就好像我国在1972年开始推行E & E 一样。我国不应该错失建立太阳能制造基地的任何机会。

viii) 医疗保健和药剂试验
由于全世界的人口都在老化,优质的医疗保健成为了一个高价值的经济领域。但是,数以百计经过高度培训的马来西亚专科医生却分别在新加坡、伦敦和都柏林服务。更重要的是,他们都是受到承认和受到同行非常尊重的人士。 政府应该鼓励他们回国设立基地,以协助使马来西亚转型为一个世界级的医疗中心。如果我国承认,它可以成为这个领域的领导者之一。政府的当前急务是,重新考虑强制受承认的专科医生在政府医院服务的措施。如果我们允许他们回国建立自己的事业,增强我国的医疗基础,不是比硬性规定他们为政府提供3年服务更好吗?
马来西亚是一个拥有多元种族人口的国家,而且也拥有广泛的生物多样性,所以是一个对药剂产品进行科研,尤其是对没有得到当局批准的新药物进行试验的理想地点。这些药物可能用来治疗癌症、老人痴呆、骨质疏松、骨骼问题和心脏疾病。卫生部和工业发展局应该迅速制定新策略,以吸引药剂公司认真考虑,使马来西亚成为他们的科研和试验活动的新目的地。
ix) 石油与天然气活动
国油公司是闻名于世的一家成功的国家石油公司。国油公司无论在马来西亚境内还是非马来西亚境内生产的石油和天然气,都为我国带来巨额的收入。然而,令人遗憾的是,不像E & E 领域,上游的石油和天然气的生产,并没有相对地带动下游的石油和天然气次领域。我国仍然非常依赖外国石油和天然气的辅助供应商,提供专业的下游服务,例如钻油,维修钻油台,提供安全训练、搜救、以及其他和科研活动相关的活动。
甘马挽、美里和民都鲁都是具有活力的石油城镇。国油公司可以扮演更重大的角色, 去照顾他们,并且衍生出更多相关的活动(这些活动部分是由外国供应商承包),以便使我国各族企业人士独立,进而使这些城镇转型为“小休斯顿”,除了为国家带来经济利益之外,也将使人民更加亲近国油公司。
结语
在这篇文章里,我坚持认为,我国自独立以来所实施的多项措施,扭曲了国内的经济生产模式。逐步消除这些扭曲,以及专注于发展我国在新领域的实力,相信在不久的将来,我国将可以崛起而成为高收入经济体。


冯镇安博士曾经担任马来亚大学应用经济学教授,以及经济与行政学院院长。他曾经出任教育部副部长(1990-1999)和人力资源部部长(1999-2008)。目前,他是亚罗亚也区 国会议员。

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Friday, December 25, 2009

Chinese Schools and Societal Development

By Fong Chan Onn

Since my days as the Deputy Education Minister in the 1990s, I have heard many debates on the vernacular schools; ranging from they being the source of racial disunity, for stifling creativity, for their inability to produce outstanding scholars, to even espousing communism. Let me try to debunk some of these arguments.

Preamble

At independence in 1957, it was agreed by our forefathers that vernacular primary schools should continue to operate with government assistance; the aim being the children study in primary schools in their own mother tongues, but merge in government secondary schools using Bahasa Malaysia (BM) as the medium of instruction. However, the 1961 Education Act specified that the Minister of Education can convert the medium of instruction of vernacular schools into BM at any time the Minister deems fit (clause 21.2). This clause was removed in 1996 by Dato Sri Najib Razak, the then Minister of Education, under the 1995 Education Act; making vernacular schools a permanent component of the education system.
In 1970, the Chinese primary student population numbered 439,681 in 1,346 Chinese primary schools (SJKCs). Today, the number of SJKC has fallen to 1,285 but they provide primary education in Mandarin to over 700,000 students with about 70,000 (10%) being non-Chinese.
In 1957, the number of teachers in the Chinese schools was 10,984 compared with 14,366 teachers in the national schools. Since then, the teacher population in the national schools has grown six times, whereas the teacher population in the Chinese schools has only increased two-fold despite the overwhelming demand for teaching resources.

Issues

One might ask what drives the present X-generation parents, who are middle class and are likely to be IT savvy, to send their children to an over-crowded and painfully competitive environment. Presently, over 90% of Malaysian Chinese send their children to SJKCs.
Prior to Independence, the death knell had already been sounded for Chinese schools in Malaysia yet, they have risen and thrived even in the face of globalization.
Perhaps, we have been myopic about how Chinese schools are viewed.

Racial Disharmony

Some have said SJKCs do not give students the chance to interact with students of other races, and therefore induce some extent of racial disharmony.
The vernacular schooling system is not a source of racial disharmony. How can it be when they use the same curriculum and teaching methods as the national schools? Negara Ku is sang passionately, and the Rukun Negara emphasized at every assembly. Vernacular schools, of course, also emphasis strongly BM and English from Standard One. In fact, when we listen to them speaking in BM we can’t differentiate them from other students.
SJKC students also have many opportunities to mix around. Besides interacting with the non-Chinese students in their own schools, SJCKs are required to organize regular activities with the other stream schools (such as sports, and open days) by the Ministry of Education under its Program Integrasi, so students and parents can inter-mingle. Moreover, over 90% of SJKC students go to Government secondary schools where they then spend their most formative years (age 12 to 17 years).

Furthermore, our primary education system is a diverse system including national, national-type, religious, and private schools. Erasing the vernacular (ie national-type) schools does not automatically imply that all students will study then under the same roof at the primary level.

Creativity or Lack of it

Is the creativity in our young ones really stymied by the so-called rote learning or, by our stereotyped image of a disciplinary master with black-rimmed glasses, carrying a cane at SCKCs?
It must be pointed out that all SJKC teachers are the same products of the Teachers’ Colleges that any other school teacher-trainee is sent to. They are taught to use the same teaching methodologies, and of course the same contents.
If rote learning is a flaw, it is a flawed part of the Malaysian education system not limited to vernacular schools. To change this requires a transformation of the entire teaching regime and pedagogic approaches, and yes, definitely also in the SJKCs.
In fact, many SJKC school boards have realized this, and on their parts have assisted the formation of computer clubs. SJKCs such as Lai Ming in KL, Kwok Kwang in JB, and Machap Baru (in my constituency), and many others, are using computers to teach, and foster creativity, in the class-rooms. It is the overwhelming integration of computing teaching methods in the class-rooms that have enabled the SJKCs to excel in Science and Mathematics, and not rote-learning as expounded by my ex UM colleague Tan Sri Khoo Kay Kim.

If it is the Chinese education that is to be baggaged with the past of being the language of the imperial courts and deemed irrelevant and non-creative in the modern world (as suggested by my good friend Tan Sri Lim Kok Wing), how is it that the Silicon Valley is filled with engineers and inventors of IC (Indian and Chinese) orgins? How is it that many of the new inventions associated with the IT world, such as the sound card (created by Sim Wong Hoo, a Nee Ann Polytechnic Graduate) and the pen-drive (created by our own Pua Khein Seng) have amongst their inventors engineers who were Chinese educated? And how is it that some of them have gone on to win Noble Prizes; including Lee Yuan Tseh in Chemistry (1986) and Charles Kao Kuen who just a month ago won the 2009 Noble Price for Physics for his pioneering work in fiber optics.
Surely we cannot ignore the fact that classical Chinese education has long changed from its emphasis on Confucian ethics to modern science and technology since the early 1900s.
And are the products of Malaysian Chinese schools as undistinguished as claimed by Khoo Kay Kim? Has he forgotten that his own esteemed UM colleagues such as Professor Tan Chong Tin (neurology), Professor Saw Aik (orthopedic) and Prof Cheong Soon Keng (hematology) were from Chinese schools, and are respected members of the Malaysian Medical Profession?
As a Council Member of TAR College I can testify that TAR College has, since 1960, groomed many Chinese school students into professional accountants, engineers, builders, IT personnel and managers so much sought after by the employers. In fact 70% of Malaysian professional accountants are TARC graduates; and they have contributed towards the profession into what it is today.
And has he also forgotten the entrepreneurial contributions of YTL, Genting and the KLK (Yeoh Tiong Lay, the late Lim Goh Tong and the late Lee Loy Seng)? Lest we forget, these founders were from humble backgrounds, but raised in a predominantly Chinese-educated environment. Tan Sri Lee Kim Yew (a product of Batu Pahat Chinese schools) has been praised for his success in winning the international bid for the London Millennium Dome and completing it inspite of the financial crises in 1999.
Over 80% of owners of Chinese-owned SMEs in Malaysia are from Chinese schools. Many of them have ventured far and wide around the globe (such as Green Packet, and Kurnia Asia).
I think we should not underrate these Chinese school products as being non-creative.

Attracting Non-Malay Students to National Schools


I agree that more parents should be encouraged to consider the national schools as their choice. To make the convergence happen, the pull factor must come from a choice made in the quality of education that the national schools provide, rather than compulsion.
Consider the case in the 1960s when over half of Chinese primary students attended missionary schools. This was not because the parents wanted them to study Christianity, but because these schools have dedicated teachers, and they provided the education (mostly in English) deemed important for subsequent employment. The Ministry of Education’s new approach of enhancing the image of national primary schools should be applauded. There is no shortage of parents (including non-Malays) who want to send their children to national schools such as the Bukit Damansara, or the Sri Petaling , or the PJ Convent Primary School.
At present Chinese (and some non-Chinese) parents prefer to send their children to SJKCs not just for the learning of Mandarin, but also because these schools have dedicated school boards where the parents are actively and purposefully involved in the running of the schools - such as fund raising, sports and speech day organization - and this greatly motivate the teachers to go the extra mile to look after their children better.
The variety of choices for primary education should be our strength instead of our weakness. The competition amongst the various school streams will only results in more commitment amongst the teachers to teach their students better and more effectively.

Impact of Vernacular Schools on Societal Development

The presence of vernacular schools, with the continued assistance of the government and the various communities, gives meaning and support to our motto Unity in Diversity. From independence, this has enabled Malaysia to evolve into a peaceful plural society, proving wrong the prediction of many international pessimists. This also demonstrates that a plural society can be developed through interaction and integration, as opposed to assimilation once strongly advocated by nations such as US and Australia.
SJCKs have also resulted in a substantial number of Malaysians (including non-Chinese) being fluent in three languages - BM, English and Mandarin - since the 1960s.
These trilingual Malaysians have contributed to enhancing Sino-Malay understanding. I can still remember the occasion when I applied for my first passport in December 1963 for overseas study. The officer (a Malay) asked me to write out my name in Chinese characters as well. I was amused; but he explained he was from a Chinese school and conversed with me in Mandarin. Imagine the assistance he would have given to (and the gratitude he would have derived from) many other applicants who could not converse in fluent BM or English then! Of course, now in government front-line offices non-Chinese officers conversing in Mandarin (or at least Penang Hokkien) with applicants is not uncommon.
These trilingual graduates have enhanced the competitiveness of our domestic environment. Many FDIs from Taiwan (such as Acer), Singapore (like Creative Technology etc), Hong Kong, China and even Japan were attracted to Malaysia because of their flexibility and employability.
These Malaysians have also enabled many Malaysian enterprises to successfully venture into the China and East Asia markets. The success of enterprises such as Hai-o, LBS, and Parkson speaks volumes of their contribution in expanding our export base.
Many Multinational Corporations such as Intel, Motorola, and Dell have actively sought out these trilingual graduates and placed them to be in charge of their subsidiary offices or plants in China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and even in London or US because of their ability to work in a multi-cultural environment. Singapore and Hong Kong companies are especially keen to recruit our trilingual graduates to help them to entrench themselves as front-liners to the China market.
Certainly, Malaysia benefits from their international presence as it demonstrates globally the quality of our workforce. Ultimately many of them can be attracted to return, and with their experience help to propel our country out of our current middle-income trap.

____________________________________________________________________

Dr Fong Chan Onn was Professor of Applied Economics and Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, in the 1980s. He served in the Government as Deputy Minister of Education (1990-1999) and Minister of Human Resources (1999-2008). He is currently the MP for Alor Gajah.

End.

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华校与社会的发展

冯镇安

我在上个世纪90年代担任教育部副部长期间,就听到许多针对母语学校问题引起的争论;议论的内容从母语学校是导致种族分裂的根源,妨碍创造,不能培养出杰出的学生,甚至到信仰共产主义不等。让我解读其中一些争论性的问题。

前言


我国在1957年取得独立时,我们的先辈就同意让母语小学继续在政府的援助下运作;目的是让学生在小学就读自己的母语,而在中学进入采用国语作为教学媒介语的政府学校就读。 不过,1961年教育法令说明,教育部长可以在任何时候,只要他认为是适当的时候,把母语学校的教学媒介语改为国语(第21.2 条款)。然而,当年的教育部长纳吉在1996年撤消了这项条款。1995年教育法令规定,所有的母语学校是教育体系中永远不變的部分。
1970年, 全国共有1,346 所国民型华文小学,学生人数是 439,681。如今,国民型华文小学减少到 1,285 所,不过,这些学校却为超过700,000 名学生提供华文教育,其中大约70,000 名是非华人,占了总数的 10%。
1957年, 华校的教师人数是 10,984, 而国民学校的教师人数则是 14,366。之后,国民学校的教师人数不断上升而增加了6倍。反观华文学校,虽然它们对师资的需求日益殷切,但是教师人数只增加两倍。

问题

也许有人会问,如今的中等收入以及可能懂得资讯科技的新时代父母,为什么都竞相把子女送进过于拥挤,而且充满激烈竞争的环境求学呢?目前,超过 90% 的马来西亚华人把子女送进国民型华文学校就读。
在国家独立之前,马来西亚的华文学校曾经宣告消灭。然而,华校现在强势崛起,甚至在面对全球化时刻更为兴盛。
到底人们怎样看待华文学校呢?也许,我们缺乏了解。

种族不和谐

一些人说,国民型华文学校没有给以学生与其他种族学生互动的机会,因而在一些程度上产生种族不和谐的现象。其实,母语教育制度并不是造成种族不和谐的原因,因为它们所采用的课程纲要和教学方法,和国民学校是一样的,所以怎么会产生这样的问题呢?
华文学校在每一次的集会上都激昂的唱国歌,并且强调 国家原则。当然,母语教育学校从一年级开始就着重于教导英文和国语。实际上,当我们听华校学生讲国语时,根本无法区别他们和其他学校的学生有什么不同。
国民型华文学校也提供许多让学生互相交往的机会。学生除了和自己学校内的华人学生互动之外,在教育部推行的融合计划下,华文学校也必须和其他源流的学校一起主办各项活动,好比体育项目以及开放日,以便学生和家长能够互相交往。尽管如此,超过 90% 的华校学生升上政府中学,接受中学教育,这个时期是最影响他们成长的年代(12 至 17 岁)。
此外,我们的小学教育体制是多样性的体制,包括了国民、国民型、宗教和私立学校。消灭母语(国民型)学校并不能直接地暗示,所有的学生届时将会在同一个屋顶下接受小学教育。

创造力或缺乏创造力

是不是所谓的填鸭式教育,或者我们过去经常在华校看到戴黑色框架眼镜、手拿着藤鞭的训导主任而留下的深刻印象侵袭了我们儿童的创造力?
我必须指出的是,所有国民型学校的教师,和其他学校的教师一样,都是经过师训学院培训出来的。他们所学习的都是同样的教学法,当然,教学内容也是一样的。如果填鸭式的教学是侵袭学生创造力的因素,那么,我们只能怪马来西亚的教育制度有缺陷,而不是母语学校出了问题。要在这方面做出改变,就必须对整个教学体制和教育采用的方法进行转型,当然,国民型华文学校也需要改变。
实际上,许多国民型华文学校的董事部了解到这点,他们扮演了分内角色,协助成立电脑学会。吉隆坡的黎明,新山的国光,马接新村(位于我的选区)以及其他许多华文学校已经使用电脑教学,促进学生在课堂的创造力。在课堂采用结合电脑教学的方法,使得国民型华文学校的数理科表现更加杰出,而不像我的前马大同事丹斯里邱家金对填鸭式教育所作的诠释一样。
如果华文教育因为华语是过去宫廷使用的语言而被视为在现代世界中不适用,而且没有创意(我的好朋友丹斯里林国荣这么认为)。那么,美国矽谷为什么汇集了这么多印裔和华裔的工程师和发明家呢?许多和资讯科技有关联的新发明物,例如音效卡(由新加坡义安理工学院毕业的沈望傅发明)以及U盘(由我国的潘健成发明)的发明者和工程师,为什么都是接受华文教育的?
此外,接受华文教育的人,为什么也能赢取诺贝尔奖呢?他们包括于1986年获得诺贝尔化学奖的李远哲,以及刚刚在一个月前因为发明光纤而赢取2009年诺贝尔物理奖的高锟。
肯定的,不容我们忽视的事实是,自20世纪初叶,古代华文教育已经做出改变,从过去只着重于儒家道德,改为了如今也侧重于现代科技。
我国华文学校培养出来的学生是否像邱家金所言那么不出色和平凡? 难道他已经忘了我们在马大的出色和受尊重的同事,例如陈忠登 教授 (神经专科医生)、 苏毅 教授 (矫形专科医生) 以及 张顺景教授 (血液专科医生) 都是华校出身,而且是马来西亚医药专业协会受尊重的会员?
身为拉曼学院的一名理事,我可以证明,拉曼学院自1960年成立以来,已经把许多华校生造就和栽培为专业会计师、工程师、建筑师、电脑专才和管理人员。他们都是雇主竞相聘用的人才。其实,目前在我国的专业会计师当中,70% 是拉曼学院的毕业生,而他们对会计行业所作的贡献是有目共睹的。
此外,难道邱家金也忘了扬忠礼集团、云顶高原集团和KLK的创办人扬忠礼、已故林梧桐和已故李莱生对企业领域所作的贡献?这些企业家来自贫寒的家庭,但是,他们是在以华文教育为主的环境下长大。丹斯里李金友(巴株巴辖华文学校的学生)的成就受到赞赏,而获得角逐国际奖项 - 伦敦千禧顶奖,并且在1999年金融危机期间赢得这个奖项。
我国80% 以上华人经营的中小型企业的业者毕业自华校。其中许多企业不断扩展以及遍布世界各国 (例如绿驰通讯公司和 天安亚洲公司).
我认为,我们不应该低估华校生,而把他们视为没有创意的人。

吸引非马来学生到国民学校就读

我同意,应该鼓励更多的家长考虑选择国民学校作为他们的子女就读的学校。然而,要吸引学生到国民学校就读,首先,国民学校必须改善质量,而不是实行强制性措施。
回顾上个世纪60年代,半数以上的华人学生在教会办的学校就读小学。这并不是因为家长要子女学习基督教,而是因为这些学校拥有真正献身精神的教师,而且它们提供的教育(多数是以英文授课)对以后的就业起了非常重要的作用。教育部目前采取新的方法,去提升国民学校的形象,应该受到赞赏。一些国民学校,例如武吉白沙罗国小、 大城堡 国小,以及八打灵 修道院小学,出现了不乏家长把子女送进就读的情形。.
目前,多数华人(当中也有非华人)喜欢把子女送到国民型华文学校就读,原因不只是为了要学习中文,同时也是因为这些学校拥有献身精神的董事部,而董事部内的家长都积极和投入地参与管理学校的工作,好比参与筹募基金、体育和主办恳亲会等活动。这些活动有助于激发教师提供额外的服务,更好好地管教他们的子女。
为小学教育提供各种选择,应该是展示我们的实力,而不是显露弱点。各源流学校之间的竞争结果,将会促成教师做出更大的承诺,以更好及更有效的方法教导学生。

母语学校对社会发展的影响

母语学校在政府和各社团继续提供援助下得以生存,发挥了我们的座右铭“异中求同”的意义,而且受到认同。自我国独立以来,这个座右铭使我国得以发展为一个和平的多元社会,证明了许多国际消极者对我国做出的预言是错误的。这也说明,一个多元社会可以通过互动和融合加以发展,因为美国和澳洲等国家一度大力鼓吹的同化受到反对。
自上个世纪60年代以来,国民型华文学校也培养了大量能够讲流利的三种语言- 国语、英语和华语的马来西亚人 ( 包括非华人) 。 这些能操三语的马来西亚人对促进华人和马来人之间的谅解,做出了不少的贡献。我还记得,当我在1963年12月第一次为出国深造申请护照时,一名官员(马来人)叫我写下自己的中文名字。我当时感到高兴,而这名官员解释说,他是受中文教育的,过后就以华语和我交谈。可以想象到,他当时为很多不能操流利国语和英语的申请者提供(他也从中得到许多激赏)了协助!当然,目前在政府提供柜台服务的办公室,非华人官员以华语(至少以槟城福建话)交谈的情形,已经司空见惯。
能够掌握三语的大学毕业生,提高了我国环境的竞争力,为我国引进许多来自台湾(例如宏基电脑公司)、新加坡(如创新科技公司等)、香港和中国,甚至日本的外来直接投资,因为这些大学毕业生具备弹性和可雇性的条件。
此外,这些马来西亚人也推动我国很多企业,成功地向中国和东亚市场进军。其中已经取得成就的企业,包括海鸥、 LBS 国际货运和百盛 。这些成就显示,它们对扩大我国的出口基础做出了大量的贡献。
许多跨国机构,例如英特尔、摩托罗拉和戴尔都在积极地物色能够掌握三语的大学毕业生,并且调派他们在中国、新加坡、香港、台湾,甚至伦敦或美国的分公司,负责当地的业务,因为他们有能力在多元文化的环境中工作。新加坡和香港公司特别渴望聘请能够掌握三语的我国大学毕业生,以协助推动公司成为中国市场的前线公司。
马来西亚在国际市场占一席之地,肯定能够从中获得利益,因为我国向全球展现了我国的优质劳动力。当中的许多员工最终会被吸引返回我国,而他们所吸取的经验,将有助于推进我国,使它摆脱目前的中等收入处境。

_____________________________________________________________________________

冯镇安博士在上个世纪80年代出任马大应用经济学教授以及经济与行政学院院长。1990 至1999年,他加入政府部门服务,担任教育部副部长。1999至2008年出任人力资源部长。它目前是亚罗牙也区国会议员。


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Monday, July 20, 2009

Mourning of Teoh Beng Hock Passing Away

As the member of Parliament for Alor Gajah, I join the nation in mourning the unnecessary passing away of Teoh Beng Hock, a bright young man born, educated and brought up in Kelemak, Alor Gajah. I visited the family on Saturday morning (18th July 2009), and paid my respects to Beng Hock together with MCA members of the Alor Gajah Division. The untimely passing away of Beng Hock is not only a great loss to the family, but also a sad loss to Alor Gajah.

I agreed with Beng Hock’s mother when she said nothing can bring back her son. To lessen the grief of the family, I request the government to immediately set up an Independent Royal Commission of Enquiry to uncover the circumstances and the whole truth leading to the tragic death of Beng Hock. The Royal Commission should be mandated to start his work immediately.

It is important that the whole truth be revealed and necessary actions taken to rectify the situation, including due punishment to those responsible and due compensation to the family as an expression of our remorse and sympathy.
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Saturday, May 16, 2009

PSD Scholarships

Each year, at this time, we will hear the complaints from parents and students of their failure to secure a scholarship despite having excellent results. The Public Service Department (PSD) must be transparent and clear in the awarding of scholarships to Malaysians. The issue of deserving young Malaysians not getting scholarships to pursue a course in a university of their choice has been occuring for far too long. These include those who obtained 13 A1s and 14 A1s in the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia examination who failed to get scholarships under the Foreign Degree Programme despite having secured places at foreign universities. The PSD should act firmly to ensure that the criteria used to select students for scholarships are consistent and strictly adhered to. There is absolutely no reason why a student who obtained excellent results and are among the top students in their respective states and the country should not be given scholarships to study overseas upon securing a place in a foreign university. Failure to honour these best brains in the country will only encourage them to work in other countries upon their graduation and this will put a damper on the government's efforts to encourage Malaysian professionals and experts to work in the country.
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Perak Impasse

There is an urgent need to settle the political impasse in Perak to that normalcy can return to Perak. Allowing the uncertainty to continue will not work well for the state in particular and the country in general. This has and will continue to affect the administration of the state's affairs, including administrative matters pertaining to trade and investments such as the approval of permits and projects involving the state administration. At the end of the day, the people will suffer. In a democratic system like Malaysia's, there is definitely a defined role for the Constitutional Monarchy as well as the courts. Their roles are enshrined in the Constitution and therefore must be respected and accepted. Having said that, it is best to let the people decide on the government they want so that the government of the day can act confidently with the support of the people. We are a democratic society and the people should be allowed to decide on who they want to lead in the state.
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Influenza A H1N1

Malaysians should not panic following the Health Ministry's announcement of the country's first two confirmed cases of Influenza A H1N1 victims. Although they should take all the necessary precautions to protect themselves and their families, they must also be confident of the government's efforts to contain the outbreak. The government has taken, and will continue to take all the necessary measures to stop the spread of the disease in the country and will remain vigilant.
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